{"id":50380,"date":"2022-04-21T11:28:07","date_gmt":"2022-04-21T08:28:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bas-tv.md\/?p=50380"},"modified":"2023-06-07T18:47:07","modified_gmt":"2023-06-07T15:47:07","slug":"opinie-de-ce-raioanele-nu-sunt-o-optiune-potrivita-pentru-r-moldova-cum-scapam-de-ele-si-ce-punem-in-loc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bas-tv.md\/ro\/opinie-de-ce-raioanele-nu-sunt-o-optiune-potrivita-pentru-r-moldova-cum-scapam-de-ele-si-ce-punem-in-loc\/","title":{"rendered":"OPINIE | De ce raioanele nu sunt o op\u021biune potrivit\u0103 pentru R. Moldova, cum sc\u0103p\u0103m de ele \u0219i ce punem \u00een loc?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Constituirea raioanelor din Republica Moldova a fost una artificial\u0103, ea a facilitat crearea unei verticale a puterii sovietice \u0219i a oferit fotolii pentru func\u021bionari comuni\u0219ti. \u00cen prezent, raioanele nu sunt eficiente \u0219i par a fi un parazit. De asemenea p\u0103rere e autorul analizei, Mihai Bologan, care explic\u0103, \u00een textul de mai jos, ce ar putea ap\u0103rea \u00een locul cunoscutelor unit\u0103\u021bi teritorial administrative.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

File din istoria jude\u021belor<\/h2>\n

Pentru publicul general voi face o mic\u0103 incursiune \u00een istoria \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birii teritorial-administrative \u00een Republica Moldova. \u00cen general, num\u0103rul popula\u021biei \u00een Basarabia era unul foarte mic \u0219i practic nu existau ora\u0219e mari. Erau un \u0219ir de cet\u0103\u021bi pe Nistru, \u00een jurul c\u0103rora erau a\u0219ez\u0103ri, erau unele t\u00e2rguri mai importante \u0219i un anumit num\u0103r de sate. Ora\u0219ul Chi\u0219in\u0103u era un t\u00e2rg cu circa 7.000 de persoane \u00een 1812, c\u00e2nd ru\u0219ii au ocupat pentru prima dat\u0103 Basarabia. Astfel, \u00een acea perioad\u0103 practic conta foarte pu\u021bin \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea teritorial-administrativ\u0103, deoarece activit\u0103\u021bile se concentrau \u00een jurul comunit\u0103\u021bilor, care erau mai mult sau mai pu\u021bin auto-suficiente. \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul, medicina sau alte servicii publice cu care suntem obi\u0219nui\u021bi \u00een prezent ori nu existau ori era la un nivel slab.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Se poate de spus c\u0103 \u00een Basarabia erau jude\u021be, mai degrab\u0103 pentru c\u0103 era dificil de f\u0103cut unit\u0103\u021bi teritoriale mai mici ca suprafa\u021b\u0103, din cauza popula\u021biei sc\u0103zute. Jude\u021bele au r\u0103mas \u0219i \u00een perioada 1918-1940 \u0219i 1941-1943, \u00een componen\u021ba Rom\u00e2niei Mari. Astfel, se poate afirma c\u0103 jude\u021bele sunt modul natural \u00een care a fost organizat\u0103 istoric administra\u021bia \u00een Basarabia.<\/p>\n

Cum au ap\u0103rut raioanele \u0219i de ce asta s-a produs artificial<\/h2>\n

Virusul de raioane a ap\u0103rut dup\u0103 ocuparea repetat\u0103 a Basarabiei, de data asta de URSS. Ini\u021bial au fost mult mai multe raioane. De exemplu, mama mea e n\u0103scut\u0103 \u00een ora\u0219ul Corne\u0219ti, care era atunci centru raional. Sunt \u0219i alte sate din Moldova care \u00een acea perioad\u0103 postbelic\u0103 erau centre raionale.<\/p>\n

Datorit\u0103 apari\u021biei artificiale a raioanelor, unele ora\u0219e au fost dezvoltate din sate. A ap\u0103rut ora\u0219ul \u0218tefan Vod\u0103 sau Cantemir. Cauza apari\u021biei lor era pur artificial\u0103 \u2013 pentru a putea forma un raion cu o anumit\u0103 suprafa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i num\u0103r de popula\u021bie, aceste localit\u0103\u021bi erau perfecte pentru a fi transformate \u00een centre raionale. Toat\u0103 RSSM \u2013 Republica Sovietic\u0103 Socialist\u0103 Moldoveneasc\u0103 a fost \u00eemp\u00e2nzit\u0103 cu centre raioanele care aveau statut de ora\u0219e sau \u201esate de tip or\u0103\u0219enesc\u201d. Ulterior toate acestea urm\u00e2nd s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 statut de ora\u0219e dup\u0103 ob\u021binerea independen\u021bei fa\u021b\u0103 de Rusia.<\/p>\n

Raioanele au permis crearea unei verticale a puterii sovietice \u0219i s\u0103 controleze la nivel detaliat toate activit\u0103\u021bile economice, culturale, sociale, ideologice. A permis m\u0103rirea aparatului administrativ, dar \u0219i a extins mult posibilitatea de selectare a cadrelor pentru Partidul Comunist.<\/p>\n

Nu voi comenta oportunitatea economic\u0103 a raioanelor \u00een contextul URSS. Ca \u0219i toat\u0103 economia URSS, eficien\u021ba lor s-a demonstrat odat\u0103 cu sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 80 ai secolului trecut. Ca \u0219i \u00eentreprinderile \u0219i forma de organizare economic\u0103 pe teritoriul URSS, aceste raioane erau ineficiente. Iar problemele au perpetuat \u00een anii 90, dup\u0103 ob\u021binerea independen\u021bei.<\/p>\n

Raioanele de dup\u0103 Independen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\n

\u00cen anii 90 s-a discutat intens \u0219i s-a implementat reforma administrativ-teritorial\u0103 prin care s-au format jude\u021bele. Nu cunosc foarte multe detalii tehnice despre ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een acei patru ani de jude\u021be, cert e c\u0103 s-a creat o structur\u0103 nou\u0103 \u2013 jude\u021bean\u0103, iar cea raional\u0103 \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 form\u0103 s-a mai p\u0103strat. Doar c\u0103 nu se spuneau \u201eraioane\u201d, ci \u201esectoare\u201d. Au mai fost probleme cu Taraclia \u2013 care \u0219i-a dorit jude\u021b propriu, Drochia tot \u0219i-a dorit jude\u021b propriu, probabil doar cu G\u0103g\u0103uzia tot era clar \u2013 autonomia \u00ee\u0219i avea teritoriul s\u0103u. Transnistria a primit denumirea de Unitatea Teritorial\u0103 St\u00e2nga Nistrului \u2013 denumire care a\u0219a \u0219i nu a prins la public \u0219i se utilizeaz\u0103 destul de rar. Mai era \u0219i jude\u021bul Chi\u0219in\u0103u, care mi se p\u0103rea unul bizar. Centrul s\u0103u administrativ era \u00een Chi\u0219in\u0103u, care nu intra \u00een componen\u021ba jude\u021bului. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, nu-i clar cum ar fi putut fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite aceste raioane altfel. \u00cen opinia mea, \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea pe jude\u021be a avut un scop nobil \u2013 reducerea aparatului administrativ care era excesiv. Nu \u0219tiu dac\u0103 s-a reu\u0219it, dar nu conteaz\u0103.<\/p>\n

La scurt timp dup\u0103 introducerii jude\u021belor \u00een loc de raioane, Partidul Comuni\u0219tilor din Republica Moldova a c\u00e2\u0219tigat deta\u0219at noile alegerile parlamentare \u0219i a promis c\u0103 se va reveni la jude\u021be. Astfel c\u0103 jude\u021bele au \u021binut 4 ani, dup\u0103 care au reap\u0103rut raioanele. Unica schimbare semnificativ\u0103 la noile raioane a fost c\u0103 a disp\u0103rut raionul C\u0103inari. Au fost schimbate c\u00e2teva sate dintr-un raion \u00een altul \u0219i s-a format structura actual\u0103 teritorial-administrativ\u0103.<\/p>\n

Raioanele, ni\u0219te parazi\u021bi?<\/h2>\n

\u00cen mod practic, raioanele sunt ni\u0219te parazi\u021bi ai societ\u0103\u021bii. Func\u021bionalitatea \u0219i utilitatea lor e extrem de redus\u0103, plus existen\u021ba lor scade mult din puterea autorit\u0103\u021bilor locale \u2013 prim\u0103riile. Deseori \u00een cadrul unui centru raional se vede clar o concuren\u021b\u0103 nes\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103 \u00eentre primarul localit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i consiliul raional. Banii aloca\u021bi pentru prim\u0103rii ajung ini\u021bial la nivel de raion, abia apoi sunt aloca\u021bi prim\u0103riilor. Aceasta a diminuat foarte mult din capacitatea de dezvoltare a comunelor \u0219i ora\u0219elor.<\/p>\n

Ca s\u0103 dau un exemplu mai simplu: imagina\u021bi-v\u0103 un raion s\u0103rac, s\u0103-l numim conven\u021bional P\u0103n\u0103\u0219eni (a\u0219a localitate nu exist\u0103 \u00een RM). \u00cen raion e un ora\u0219 \u0219i dou\u0103zeci de comune. Num\u0103rul popula\u021biei \u2013 circa 60 mii de persoane, centrul raional este mic, multe sate au doar c\u00e2teva sute de locuitori \u0219i practic lipsesc agen\u021bii economici. Sunt locuite preponderent de persoane \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103, iar tinerii pleac\u0103. Deci, la aceste 60 mii de persoane avem un consiliu raional, pre\u0219edinte de raion, c\u00e2teva direc\u021bii raioanele cu staff-ul lor \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103 21 de prim\u0103rii, fiecare prim\u0103rie av\u00e2nd consilieri locali, direc\u021bii, \u0219efe de aparat, contabili etc. \u00cen aceste condi\u021bii, c\u00e2nd pentru 60 de mii de locuitori se aloc\u0103 pu\u021bini bani, ei mai sunt \u0219i \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi \u00eentre raion \u0219i prim\u0103rii, iar la fiecare prim\u0103rie ajung \u201eb\u0103nu\u021bi\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ce solu\u021bii avem?<\/h2>\n

\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scenariul de baz\u0103 \u2013 p\u0103str\u0103m raioanele \u0219i prim\u0103riile a\u0219a cum sunt ele. \u00cen condi\u021biile \u00een care popula\u021bia rural\u0103 va sc\u0103dea \u0219i va \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2ni, cred c\u0103 acest scenariu nu e sustenabil. \u0218i nici eficient din punct de vedere economic.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Crearea jude\u021belor \u2013 revenirea la situa\u021bia de la \u00eenceputul secolului 21. Cred c\u0103, \u00een mod practic, aceste jude\u021be, indiferent cum vor fi trasate administrativ, vor deveni doar ni\u0219te raioane mai mari \u0219i nu-\u0219i vor atinge obiectivele scontate. Popula\u021bia va fi mai confuz\u0103, prim\u0103riile vor fi \u00een continuare slabe \u0219i va fi perpetuat\u0103 dualitatea de putere la nivel local \u00eentre prim\u0103rii \u0219i consiliile jude\u021bene.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Crearea municipalit\u0103\u021bilor \u2013 este vorba de extinderea prim\u0103riilor prin formarea de municipalit\u0103\u021bi sau comune mai mari \u0219i eliminarea unui nivel de administrare public\u0103 local\u0103. Adic\u0103 fiecare municipalitate va deveni un fel de raion, doar c\u0103 nu va mai exista dualitate, ci o capacitate mai mare de dezvoltare la nivel local. Primarul \u0219i consiliul local vor gestiona afacerile locale, f\u0103r\u0103 a avea un raion sau jude\u021b \u201edeasupra\u201d. Av\u00e2nd o popula\u021bie mai mare, municipalitatea ar putea dezvolta economia local\u0103, elabora proiecte, atrage investitori, men\u021bine for\u021ba de munc\u0103, dezvolta infrastructura, asigura serviciile necesare pentru locuitorii municipalit\u0103\u021bii. De exemplu \u2013 pentru a primi un serviciu, un locuitor nu va trebui s\u0103 se deplaseze \u00een centrul raional, ci \u00een centrul municipalit\u0103\u021bii, care e mai aproape.<\/p>\n

Eu optez strict pentru varianta num\u0103rul trei. Partea proast\u0103 e c\u0103 sunt \u0219anse mici ca aceast\u0103 reform\u0103 s\u0103 se \u00eenf\u0103ptuiasc\u0103 \u00een timpul apropiat. Suntem deja \u00een 2022, iar \u00een 2023 vor avea loc alegerile locale generale. Respectiv, dac\u0103 \u0219i se face o reform\u0103 teritorial-administrativ\u0103, implementarea ei poate avea loc fie \u00een 2023, fie deja \u00een 2027, la urm\u0103toarele alegeri locale generale. A\u0219a s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat cu jude\u021bele \u0219i raioanele noi. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2023 a r\u0103mas pu\u021bin timp \u0219i, chiar dac\u0103 la nivel de exper\u021bi aceast\u0103 reform\u0103 a fost discutat\u0103, totu\u0219i nu au fost ni\u0219te proiecte care s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi f\u0103cute publice.<\/p>\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 data implement\u0103rii, mai sunt c\u00e2teva aspecte care pot \u00eempiedica aceast\u0103 reform\u0103:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interesele locale. Sunt multe localit\u0103\u021bi unde un primar e ales \u201epe via\u021b\u0103\u201d, iar \u00een cazul apari\u021biei unei municipalit\u0103\u021bi, acest primar risc\u0103 s\u0103-\u0219i piard\u0103 statutul, respectiv \u0219i sensul vie\u021bii. Acest primar va face tot posibilul s\u0103 p\u0103streze prim\u0103ria cu orice scop.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interesele locale economice. Probabil, sunt prim\u0103rii unde liderii locali (agricultori cu o cot\u0103 semnificativ\u0103 de pia\u021b\u0103) au anumite \u00een\u021belegeri cu primarul \u0219i consilierii locali, ceea ce-i avantajeaz\u0103. Crearea de municipalit\u0103\u021bi le-ar putea crea \u201eprobleme\u201d, deoarece activitatea prim\u0103riei noi va trebui s\u0103 fie mai transparent\u0103.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interesele politice. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 \u00eentr-o municipalitate intr\u0103 patru comune. Dou\u0103 comune sunt conduse acum de partidul X, una de Y \u0219i una de Z. \u00cen acest caz, reprezentan\u021bii partidelor Y \u0219i Z vor fi \u00eempotriva reformei, deoarece \u00ee\u0219i vor pierde c\u00e2te un lider local important. Respectiv, \u0219i partidele Y \u0219i Z vor face tot posibilul ca reforma s\u0103 nu le ating\u0103 localit\u0103\u021bile unde au primari sau s\u0103 se formeze astfel de municipalit\u0103\u021bi, unde ei s\u0103 fie avantaja\u021bi. Se poate ajunge la \u201egerrymendering\u201d \u2013 adic\u0103 tras\u0103ri artificiale de unit\u0103\u021bi teritoriale, care nu ajut\u0103 popula\u021bia \u00een administrarea afacerilor interne, dar e avantajoas\u0103 pentru un anumit partid politic.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aparatul birocratic \u2013 to\u021bi \u0219efii de raioane, pre\u0219edin\u021bi, vicepre\u0219edin\u021bi, \u0219efi de direc\u021bii etc. ar putea fi \u00eempotriv\u0103, deoarece ei deja nu vor putea controla situa\u021bia dintr-un raion. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, ei ar putea s\u0103 se integreze \u00een structuri similare la nivel de municipalit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i ar putea ajuta cu experien\u021ba lor la dezvoltarea municipalit\u0103\u021bilor.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Criteriul etnic. Sunt localit\u0103\u021bi \u00een care locuiesc minorit\u0103\u021bi na\u021bionale. Dac\u0103 \u00een cadrul comunelor actuale ele pot reprezenta o majoritate, totu\u0219i, \u00een cadrul municipalit\u0103\u021bii, ponderea lor ar putea fi mai mic\u0103, iar ca \u0219i consecin\u021b\u0103 ei ar putea pierde posibilitatea de a avea un primar \u201ede-al lor\u201d.<\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 disput\u0103 ar fi dimensiunea \u0219i forma municipalit\u0103\u021bilor. Propun c\u00e2teva criterii transparente \u0219i clare:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Num\u0103rul popula\u021biei s\u0103 fie de minim 15.000 persoane, dar nu mai pu\u021bin de 6.000 de persoane, care sunt sau ar putea fi salaria\u021bi. E important ca municipalitatea s\u0103 aib\u0103 \u0219i un poten\u021bial uman \u0219i economic.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Localit\u0103\u021bile actuale s\u0103 aib\u0103 op\u021biunea de a fuziona voluntar \u00eentr-o municipalitate mai mare. De exemplu, dou\u0103 sate sunt vecine, dar sunt \u00een raioane diferite. Dac\u0103 le este mai comod s\u0103 fie \u00eempreun\u0103, atunci s\u0103 poat\u0103 fuziona. Aceasta ar trebui s\u0103 fie primul pas \u00een formarea noilor municipalit\u0103\u021bi, prin dezvoltare natural\u0103.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Municipalit\u0103\u021bile trebuie s\u0103 dispun\u0103 de o infrastructur\u0103 comun\u0103 sau de poten\u021bialul de a crea o infrastructur\u0103 comun\u0103.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Criteriul economic. O municipalitate trebuie s\u0103 poat\u0103 colecta un anumit procent minim (care s\u0103 fie stabilit prin lege) de taxe locale pentru bugetul s\u0103u \u0219i s\u0103 aib\u0103 poten\u021bialul de a cre\u0219te acest procent. E evident c\u0103 acest prag va fi unul sub 100%, deoarece pu\u021bine localit\u0103\u021bi din R. Moldova \u00ee\u0219i pot suplini bugetul de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor. Posibil ar fi nevoie de un prag ini\u021bial de 30% sau 40%, care s\u0103 fie crescut cu timpul.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Criteriul etnic. Dac\u0103 municipalitatea are reprezentan\u021bi ai mai multor etnii \u00een pondere relativ mare, atunci drepturile de reprezentare \u00een conducerea municipalit\u0103\u021bii trebuie respectate.<\/p>\n

\"OPINIE<\/p>\n

Sursa: agora.md<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Constituirea raioanelor din Republica Moldova a fost una artificial\u0103, ea a facilitat crearea unei verticale a puterii sovietice \u0219i a oferit fotolii pentru func\u021bionari comuni\u0219ti. \u00cen prezent, raioanele nu sunt eficiente \u0219i par a fi un parazit. De asemenea p\u0103rere e autorul analizei, Mihai Bologan, care explic\u0103, \u00een textul de mai jos, ce ar putea […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":50383,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[198],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social"],"yoast_head":"\nOPINIE | De ce raioanele nu sunt o op\u021biune potrivit\u0103 pentru R. 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