{"id":70840,"date":"2017-08-14T08:20:52","date_gmt":"2017-08-14T08:20:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bas-tv.md\/?p=1955\/"},"modified":"2017-08-14T08:20:52","modified_gmt":"2017-08-14T08:20:52","slug":"migratie-prin-generatii-cum-s-au-schimbat-in-timp-motivele-pentru-care-moldovenii-isi-parasesc-tara","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bas-tv.md\/ro\/migratie-prin-generatii-cum-s-au-schimbat-in-timp-motivele-pentru-care-moldovenii-isi-parasesc-tara\/","title":{"rendered":"Migra\u021bie prin genera\u021bii. Cum s-au schimbat \u00een timp motivele pentru care moldovenii \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103r\u0103sesc \u021bara"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00cen fiecare zi, 106 oameni pleac\u0103 definitiv din Republica Moldova, arat\u0103 un studiu realizat de Magenta Consulting. Potrivit Barometrului Opiniei Publice, 57% dintre moldovenii r\u0103ma\u0219i acas\u0103 ar pleca dac\u0103 ar avea ocazia. Datele oficiale ale Ministerului de Externe arat\u0103 c\u0103 peste 800.000 de moldoveni sunt deja peste hotare. Majoritatea indic\u0103 s\u0103r\u0103cia drept principala cauz\u0103 pentru care au emigrat sau ar face-o pe viitor, motiv ce r\u0103m\u00e2ne constant de-a lungul timpului. Statisticile seci sunt confirmate de istoriile a dou\u0103 femei cu care am discutat\u200a\u2014\u200aZina Dr\u0103gu\u021ban \u0219i Irina Fedco, diferite ca v\u00e2rst\u0103, localitate de origine, perioada c\u00e2nd au plecat \u0219i \u021bara de destina\u021bie.<\/em><\/p>\n

PARTEA I: Profesoara moldovean\u0103 din Treviso<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zina Dragu\u021ban se num\u0103r\u0103 printre sutele de mii de moldoveni pleca\u021bi \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate pentru o via\u021b\u0103 mai bun\u0103. Ne-am \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u00een iunie, c\u00e2nd revenise pentru scurt timp din Italia ca s\u0103-\u0219i perfecteze actele de divor\u021b. A venit la interviu \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de unul dintre cei doi fii ai s\u0103i, pe care i-a l\u0103sat acas\u0103 acum 18 ani.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/youtu.be\/CABU4a4TbK8<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1999, fosta profesoar\u0103 de istorie \u0219i filosofie a decis, \u00een 24 de ore, cum spune ea, s\u0103 se mobilizeze \u0219i s\u0103 porneasc\u0103 la munc\u0103 peste hotare. \u201eAu fost multe cauze care m-au determinat s\u0103 iau a\u0219a o hot\u0103r\u00e2re, dar cea mai mare era s\u0103r\u0103cia \u0219i nedreptatea de atunci\u201d<\/strong>, \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te femeia, vorbind cu un u\u0219or accent italienesc. Recunoa\u0219te c\u0103 unul dintre cele mai puternice sentimente cu care a emigrat a fost ura fa\u021b\u0103 de \u021bar\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201eAm plecat legal, dar nu pentru a ajunge \u00een Italia, ci \u00een Olanda. \u00cens\u0103 dup\u0103 ce am ajuns \u00een Germania, autobuzul ne-a dus \u00een Italia \u0219i ne-a l\u0103sat pe to\u021bi acolo. \u0218tiam c\u0103 merg s\u0103 muncesc, dar mai mult de \u201eBun\u0103 ziua\u201d \u0219i \u201eLa revedere\u201d nu \u0219tiam niciun cuv\u00e2nt \u00een italian\u0103. Aveam cu mine un vocabular \u0219i \u00eenv\u0103\u021bam c\u00e2teva fraze. Nimeni nu m\u0103 a\u0219tepta. A\u0219a a fost \u00eenceputul. \u00cen decurs de dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni mi-am g\u0103sit de lucru. Prima fraz\u0103 pe care am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat-o a fost \u201eEu vreau s\u0103 lucrez\u201d, iar \u201eEu vreau s\u0103 cump\u0103r p\u00e2ine\u201d a fost a doua\u201d, deap\u0103n\u0103 amintiri Zina Dragu\u021ban.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni, deja \u0219tia cum s\u0103 le trimit\u0103 bani acas\u0103 celor doi copii, care aveau pe atunci 14 \u0219i, respectiv, 15 ani. La \u00eenceput, s-a angajat \u00een calitate de guvernant\u0103 \u00een familia proprietarului unei re\u021bele de magazine \u0219i a lucrat acolo timp de trei luni. Despre Italia \u0219i italieni, fosta profesoar\u0103 are doar cuvinte de laud\u0103. \u201eSe auzeau pove\u0219ti c\u0103 venim acolo s\u0103 slug\u0103rnicim. Nu este adev\u0103rat, italienii s-au comportat foarte bine, au fost one\u0219ti. Eu am fost foarte norocoas\u0103\u201d, spune ea.<\/p>\n

Cu toate c\u0103 se acomodase la Treviso, dorul de cas\u0103 o chinuia. \u201eNu existau computerele \u0219i telefoanele moderne \u0219i trebuia s\u0103 alergi la o cabin\u0103 public\u0103 din centrul ora\u0219ului pentru a suna acas\u0103. \u0218i nu \u0219tiai dac\u0103 \u00eei g\u0103se\u0219ti acas\u0103 pe copii. Era foarte greu, te culcai seara cu g\u00e2ndul la copii \u0219i diminea\u021ba te trezeai tot cu g\u00e2ndul la ei, fiindc\u0103 nu i-ai auzit de o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103. C\u00e2nd mi-am permis s\u0103-mi cump\u0103r \u0219i eu primul telefon mobil, \u00eemi p\u0103rea c\u0103 a cobor\u00e2t Dumnezeu din ceruri pentru mine. Puteam suna acas\u0103, s\u0103 \u0219tiu unde-mi sunt copii, \u0219i a\u0219a a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie mai u\u0219or\u201d, poveste\u0219te femeia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Zina Dr\u0103gu\u021ban, care muncea clandestin la Treviso,\u00a0a revenit pentru prima dat\u0103 acas\u0103 abia dup\u0103 doi ani de la plecare<\/strong>. S-a \u00eentors cu g\u00e2nd s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Republica Moldova, \u00eentruc\u00e2t \u00een Italia \u00eenc\u0103 nu intrase \u00een vigoare legea Bossi-Fini, care, din 2002, le ofer\u0103 dreptul la permis de \u0219edere str\u0103inilor cu contract de munc\u0103 \u0219i loc de trai. \u201eM-am angajat din nou la \u0219coal\u0103 la Str\u0103\u0219eni, am reluat lucrul cu pl\u0103cere, dar m\u0103 sim\u021beam un pic schimbat\u0103. Am venit acas\u0103 cu idei noi, numai c\u0103 la ideile \u0219i cerin\u021bele mele iar\u0103\u0219i au \u00eenceput a lipsi banii. Fiind \u0219i mam\u0103, \u0219i tat\u0103 la doi copii, a trebuit din nou s\u0103 plec \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate\u201d, \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te fosta profesoar\u0103.<\/p>\n

Din 2003, Zina Dr\u0103gu\u021ban vine acas\u0103 doar \u00een vizit\u0103<\/strong>, tr\u0103indu-\u0219i via\u021ba \u00eentre Italia, unde lucreaz\u0103, \u0219i SUA \u0219i Moldova, unde \u00eei sunt copiii. \u0218i, de fiecare dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd revine la ba\u0219tin\u0103, constat\u0103 cu triste\u021be c\u0103 \u201etotul se schimb\u0103 din r\u0103u spre mai r\u0103u\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201eLumea spune c\u0103 noi avem cultur\u0103, noi \u0219tim s\u0103 c\u00e2nt\u0103m, s\u0103 dans\u0103m, s\u0103 spunem poezii. Asta nu e cultur\u0103, nu face parte din valori, sunt obiceiuri. Dac\u0103 \u00een 1999 mai existau valori, acum nu exist\u0103 valori, exist\u0103 numai corup\u021bie. E cuv\u00e2ntul care ne define\u0219te. Pot spune c\u0103 sunt \u0219i eu corupt\u0103. Dac\u0103 vin aici \u0219i am nevoie de un certificat \u0219i-mi trebuie de urgen\u021b\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 corup pe cineva, s\u0103 dau bani. Dac\u0103 nu corupi pe cineva, nu ob\u021bii nimic. Noi, cei veni\u021bi, ne cunoa\u0219tem de departe, iar ei ne v\u0103d de departe \u0219i ne cer bani\u201d, spune femeia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Zina Dr\u0103gu\u021ban e sceptic\u0103 \u00een privin\u021ba politicienilor moldoveni \u0219i nu crede \u00een promisiunile lor. \u201eLa noi e ca pe vremea lui L\u0103pu\u0219neanu acum: to\u021bi cer capul lui Mo\u021boc. Au vrut capul lui Mo\u021boc, l-au g\u0103sit pe Filat. A trecut timpul \u0219i oamenii au v\u0103zut c\u0103 nu s-a schimbat nimic, au g\u0103sit alt cap de cerut\u201d, spune femeia. Crede c\u0103 majoritatea celor r\u0103ma\u0219i acas\u0103 nu vor s\u0103 schimbe mersul lucrurilor \u0219i c\u0103 tr\u0103darea este una dintre metehnele principale ale moldovenilor, inclusiv a celor pleca\u021bi peste hotare. \u201eMoldovenii tr\u0103deaz\u0103 la cel mai \u00eenalt nivel. De asta \u0219i tr\u0103im prost. Moldoveanul te tr\u0103deaz\u0103 pentru un post de munc\u0103 sau pentru orice altceva. Nu exist\u0103 solidaritate printre moldoveni peste hotare\u201d, e de p\u0103rere Zina Dr\u0103gu\u021ban.<\/p>\n

Potrivit ei, Republica Moldova are nevoie de schimb\u0103ri profunde, iar accentul trebuie pus pe educa\u021bie \u0219i reforme f\u0103cute din temelie. \u201eAcum se fac reforme dictate de sus, dar e stricat poporul \u0219i de jos\u201d, adaug\u0103 protagonista.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 18 ani petrecu\u021bi \u00een Italia, cel mai mult o sperie \u00eentrebarea despre revenirea acas\u0103. \u201eM\u0103 tem de r\u0103spunsul pe care am s\u0103-l dau. M\u0103 tem s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eentorc. Nu zic c\u0103 m-am schimbat mult, dar mi s-a schimbat mentalitatea. M-a\u0219 \u00eentoarce cu pl\u0103cere, \u00een satul Recea, satul meu de ba\u0219tin\u0103, dar la noi lumea ezit\u0103 s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 cu fa\u021ba spre sat. M-a\u0219 \u00eentoarce, chiar \u0219i la mai pu\u021bin, dar s\u0103 nu m\u0103 confrunt cu corup\u021bia \u0219i nedreptatea. Pentru c\u0103, fiind peste hotare, eu m-am obi\u0219nuit cu legea \u0219i s\u0103 respect legea\u201d, recunoa\u0219te Zina Dr\u0103gu\u021ban.<\/p>\n

PARTEA A II-A. De la Londra, cu drag<\/strong><\/p>\n

La sute de kilometri de Italia, unde e stabilit\u0103 Zina Dr\u0103gu\u021ban, tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u0219i munce\u0219te o alt\u0103 moldoveanc\u0103\u200a\u2014\u200aIrina Fedco. T\u00e2n\u0103ra de 26 de ani, originar\u0103 din Soroca, s-a stabilit la Londra acum un an \u0219i jum\u0103tate. Irina spune c\u0103 \u0219i-a dorit s\u0103 plece \u00een momentul \u00een care a descoperit cum este fraudat un concurs de angajare la Casa Na\u021bional\u0103 de Asigur\u0103ri Sociale<\/strong>, unde depusese \u0219i ea dosarul.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/youtu.be\/uDPGQLm84rE<\/p>\n

\u201eM-am sim\u021bit ca la \u0219coal\u0103 c\u00e2nd unii colegi au \u00eenceput s\u0103 scoat\u0103 fi\u021buici \u0219i s\u0103 aib\u0103 testele f\u0103cute. La o institu\u021bie de stat, cu salarii mizere. Dup\u0103 asta m-am \u00eentrebat de ce s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00eentr-o \u021bar\u0103 care nu are nevoie de mine?\u201d, poveste\u0219te Irina.<\/p>\n

Chiar dac\u0103 a emigrat \u00een condi\u021bii \u0219i vremuri diferite, Irina nume\u0219te\u00a0aceea\u0219i cauz\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0a plec\u0103rii sale ca \u0219i Zina Dr\u0103gu\u021ban\u200a\u2014\u200as\u0103r\u0103cia \u0219i salariul mizer<\/strong>. Dup\u0103 studii de licen\u021b\u0103 \u00een domeniul contabilit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i o scurt\u0103 experien\u021b\u0103 de munc\u0103 la Muzeul Na\u021bional de Istorie a Moldovei, t\u00e2n\u0103ra se arat\u0103 dezam\u0103git\u0103 de sistemul bugetar \u0219i de remunerarea proast\u0103 pentru munca prestat\u0103 la stat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201eLucr\u00e2nd conform profesiei, mi-am dat seama c\u0103 nu pot, elementar, s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eentre\u021bin pe mine, o singur\u0103 persoan\u0103. Aveam noroc c\u0103 deja aveam unde tr\u0103i, nu trebuia s\u0103 pl\u0103tesc chiria, dar, pur \u0219i simplu, nu puteam s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eentre\u021bin o lun\u0103 din salariul pe care-l aveam\u201d, \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te Irina.<\/p>\n

Acum un an \u0219i jum\u0103tate, t\u00e2n\u0103ra a urmat sfatul unor amici deja stabili\u021bi la Londra \u0219i a r\u0103mas \u0219i ea \u00een capitala britanic\u0103. La scurt timp, s-a angajat ca florist\u0103, job ce o define\u0219te, spune ea. \u00cen cele dou\u0103 zile de odihn\u0103 pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, Irina reu\u0219e\u0219te s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103toreasc\u0103 \u00een diferite \u021b\u0103ri ale lumii \u0219i afirm\u0103 c\u0103 nu a petrecut nicio lun\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 a vizita o nou\u0103 destina\u021bie. Recunoa\u0219te c\u0103 escapadele \u00eei sunt spontane, iar biletele\u200a\u2014\u200alow cost. \u201e\u00cenainte mergeam cu multe gen\u021bi, iar acum m-am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103toresc doar cu rucsacul\u201d, z\u00e2mbe\u0219te t\u00e2n\u0103ra.<\/p>\n

Irina spune c\u0103 momentele de nostalgie pentru Moldova nu o cople\u0219esc prea des, dar c\u00e2nd dorul pune st\u0103p\u00e2nire pe ea e din cauza oamenilor dragi de acas\u0103. \u201e\u00cen Moldova mi-a r\u0103mas fratele, buneii, alte rude, prietenii. E o senza\u021bie special\u0103 c\u00e2nd e\u0219ti acas\u0103, po\u021bi, bun\u0103oar\u0103, s\u0103 ie\u0219i \u00een gr\u0103din\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 rupi c\u00e2\u021biva castrave\u021bi sau cire\u0219e. E altfel\u201d, crede Irina.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2n\u0103ra face parte din categoria de migran\u021bi pe care autorii unui\u00a0studiu publicat de Biroul pentru Rela\u021bii cu Diaspora<\/a>\u00a0o numesc\u00a0genera\u021bia secund\u0103<\/strong>. \u0218i ea a emigrat din Republica Moldova asemeni p\u0103rin\u021bilor s\u0103i, stabili\u021bi \u00een Grecia de mul\u021bi ani.<\/p>\n

Experien\u021ba ei coincide \u0219i cu datele studiului IASCI \u201eInova\u0163ie \u00een migra\u0163ia circular\u0103\u200a\u2014\u200aMigra\u0163ie \u015fi dezvoltare \u00een Moldova\u201d, realizat de NEXUS MOldova, potrivit c\u0103ruia, \u00een ultimii patru ani, ponderea tinerilor de 18\u201329 ani care emigreaz\u0103 a crescut la 66%.<\/p>\n

\u201ePentru mine e dureros s\u0103 v\u0103d ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 acas\u0103. Nu cred c\u0103 e foarte aproape schimbarea\u201d, spune, resemnat\u0103, t\u00e2n\u0103ra moldoveanc\u0103.<\/p>\n

PARTEA A III-A: Cuv\u00e2ntul exper\u021bilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Potrivit expertului \u00een domeniul migra\u021biei \u0219i dezvolt\u0103rii Dorin Toma, fenomenul masiv al plec\u0103rilor peste hotare a cet\u0103\u021benilor moldoveni a demarat la \u00eenceputul anilor 2000, fiind determinat de o combina\u021bie a crizelor economice interne \u0219i externe, men\u021bin\u00e2ndu-\u0219i intensitatea p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 2012.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201eMotivul principal pentru care moldovenii plecau peste hotare consta \u00een lipsa oportunit\u0103\u021bilor de angajare \u00een Moldova \u0219i \u00een oportunitatea de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire rapid\u0103 a nivelului de trai. De exemplu, \u00een timp ce \u00een Republica Moldova venitul mediu anual pe economie este de 3 400 USD\u00a0(Biroul Na\u021bional de Statistic\u0103, 2017,<\/em>\u00a0\u201eEvolu\u021bia c\u00e2\u0219tigului salarial mediu lunar\u201d),<\/em>\u00a0venitul mediu anual al unui moldovean stabilit peste hotare este de aproximativ 16 000 USD anual (\u201eInova\u0163ie \u00een migra\u0163ia circular\u0103\u200a\u2014\u200aMigra\u0163ie \u015fi dezvoltare \u00een Moldova: Studiu de pia\u0163\u0103\u201d \/ Nicolaas de Zwager, Ruslan Sintov; NEXUS Moldova, 2014)\u201d, spune Dorin Toma.<\/p>\n

Potrivit specialistului, care face referire la studii de referin\u021b\u0103, 1 din 4 cet\u0103\u021benii moldoveni stabili\u021bi peste hotare pe termen lung erau \u0219omeri \u00eenainte de a migra, pe c\u00e2nd rata de angajare a acestora \u00een \u021b\u0103rile de destina\u021bie este aproape deplin\u0103\u200a\u2014\u200apeste 97%. Acela\u0219i studiu arat\u0103 c\u0103 cei mai mul\u021bi dintre cei care pleac\u0103 pe termen lung au 30\u201344 de ani, constituind aproape 40% din num\u0103rul total al emigran\u021bilor. Al\u021bi aproape 30% sunt tineri de 18\u201329 de ani.\u00a0Pentru 72% dintre moldoveni, migra\u021bia e cauzat\u0103 de factori economici, lipsa banilor fiind unul dintre motivele principale \u0219i \u00een prezent, \u0219i acum 20 de ani.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Dorin Toma consider\u0103 c\u0103 re\u00eentoarcerea \u0219i implicarea activ\u0103 \u00een dezvoltarea Republicii Moldova depinde, \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103, de realizarea obiectivelor personale \u0219i prezen\u021ba oportunit\u0103\u021bilor clare de angajare sau de continuare a afacerii. \u201eInten\u021bia de re\u00eentoarcere permanent\u0103 a migran\u021bilor din Moldova este, \u00een continuare, una semnificativ\u0103, totu\u0219i se atest\u0103 o tendin\u021b\u0103 de sc\u0103dere (de la 71% \u00een 2009, la 59% \u00een 2012)\u201d, adaug\u0103 expertul.<\/p>\n

Astfel, \u00een Republica Moldova se contureaz\u0103 un tablou care arat\u0103 c\u0103 cei care pleac\u0103 sunt tineri, iar dorin\u021ba lor de a reveni acas\u0103 nu cre\u0219te. \u201eExist\u0103 vreo solu\u021bie?\u201d, l-am \u00eentrebat pe Dorin Toma. \u201eDezvoltarea unui mediu satisf\u0103c\u0103tor \u0219i motivant de re\u00eentoarcere pentru persoanele cu aptitudini \u0219i cuno\u0219tin\u021be valoroase pentru \u021bar\u0103, care vor spori poten\u021bialul na\u021bional de dezvoltare, trebuie s\u0103 se bazeze pe ini\u021biative inovatoare, bine g\u00e2ndite \u0219i cu viziune de termen mediu \u0219i lung\u201d, a r\u0103spuns specialistul.<\/p>\n

Imagine: Filip B\u00e2rsan, text: Felicia Nedzelschi, grafician\/editor video: Constantin Taran, Andrei Gagiu<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

REPORTAJUL VIDEO INTEGRAL poate fi urm\u0103rit aici:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/youtu.be\/q6ryubRozuk<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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https:\/\/youtu.be\/_Mj7kP-vpVo<\/p>\n

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https:\/\/youtu.be\/_fo541edtX0<\/p>\n

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\u00cen fiecare zi, 106 oameni pleac\u0103 definitiv din Republica Moldova, arat\u0103 un studiu realizat de Magenta Consulting. Potrivit Barometrului Opiniei Publice, 57% dintre moldovenii r\u0103ma\u0219i acas\u0103 ar pleca dac\u0103 ar avea ocazia. Datele oficiale ale Ministerului de Externe arat\u0103 c\u0103 peste 800.000 de moldoveni sunt deja peste hotare. Majoritatea indic\u0103 s\u0103r\u0103cia drept principala cauz\u0103 pentru […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1937,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[165],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-70840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-obshhestvo"],"yoast_head":"\nMigra\u021bie prin genera\u021bii. 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